Metakognition
Metacognition and critical thinking
To think about the own behavior of thinking or to think about thinking-rules can be useful for critical thinking. Metacognition means to think about thinking. It can be creative, unconventional or even revolutionary in its results. It´s also useful for problem solving, even in ethical problems. How will metacognition develop in the future. Will it be more common or forgotten?
Die Fähigkeit das eigene Denken kritisch zu reflektieren nennt man Metakognition. Sie ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil von kognitiv-behavorialen Psychotherapien, aber auch der Psychoanalyse. Metakognition meint, das Denken über das eigene Denken und ist somit auch philosophisch ausgerichtet. Man benötigt Metakognition um sein Denken zu verändern, häufig auch als Grundlage für Verhaltensänderungen. Gesellschaftlicher Fortschritt ist auch ein Ergebnis metakognitiver Denkprozesse, die sich in sozialen Feldern fortsetzen. Ethische Fragestellungen erfordern ebenfalls eine hohes Maß an Reflexivität und kritischem Denken – also auch Metakognition.
Mechanistische Problemlösestrategien stellen häufig ein Wunschdenken dar. Insbesondere die Vorstellung, Problemlösungen errechnen zu können, stößt in vielen Lebensbereich an ihre Grenzen. Gerade die Technik ist immer noch sehr stark von mechanistischen Denkansätzen bestimmt. Die Erwartung der Menschen an die Technik ist es ebenfalls. Hier neue Akzente zu setzten, auch mit eigenen Denktechniken flexibel umzugehen und diese zu erweitern, wäre eine zukunftsfähige Form des Denkens und der Weg dorthin erfordert ein hohes Maß an Metakognition.
Eine einheitliche Forschungsrichtung der Metakognition existiert derzeit noch nicht, obwohl sich Elemente in der Philosophie, der kognitiven Psychologie und der Physik sowie der Mathematik finden.
Müssen wir, so wie es John H. Flavell, der den Begriff der Metakognition geprägt hat, fordert, bereits bei unseren Kindern anfangen Metakognition gezielt zu trainieren? Könnte sie zusammen mit dem kritischen Denken sogar zum eigenständigen Schulfach werden? Wäre die gezielte Förderung metakognitiver Kompetenzen auch ein Gegenmittel bei einer zunehmenden Beliebigkeit von Denkstilen im Internetzeitalter und einer abnehmenden Fähigkeit, gründlich über Sachverhalte nachzudenken?
Critical Thinking
Rush Cosgrove, Historian and Research Fellow, Foundation for Critical Thinking(The Foundation for Critical Thinking, P.O.Box 196 Tomales, CA 94971)
For more than 30 years, the Foundation for Critical Thinking has been working towards the advancement of critical societies. The Foundation is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote essential change in education and society through the cultivation of fairminded critical thinking, thinking which embodies intellectual empathy, intellectual humility, intellectual perseverance integrity and intellectual responsibility.
Statement:
There can be little doubt that, on the scale of human history and pre-human evolution, critical thinking is a comparatively new and still rare quality of thought. However, recent human history (the past few centuries and millenia) evinces a growing interest in developing explicit frameworks for critical thought and in fostering these frameworks across disciplines, professions, and competencies. This suggests that, at least in the near to medium term, theory of critical thinking is likely to continue to grow; the quality of critical thinking scholarship and the extent to which it will affect actual human thinking and action is more difficult to determine. Though teachers and educational institutions around the world are working to improve teaching and learning for critical thinking across the curriculum, empirical investigations tend toward the conclusion that these efforts are largely ineffective. If practice of critical thinking is to deepen and spread, individuals in every human community and surrounding every human interest will need to commit to rigorous self-, social- and professional analysis and evaluation (i.e. critical thinking).
However, given appropriate resources (financial, intellectual, social) and dedication (intellectual perseverance and intellectual humility), there is hope to believe in the possibility of a future human society predicated on near-universal fairminded critical and creative thinking. Without such resources and effort, there is cause to fear a sharp increase in global chaos and suffering (such as the thousand years in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire), which conditions have dominated and continue to dominate human thinking and living.
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